On August 1st, 1291, a pact of immeasurable significance was sealed, marking the cornerstone of what would become the Swiss Confederation. In the misty valleys of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, souls weary from the oppressive yoke of the Habsburg bailiffs bound themselves in a solemn promise, swearing to put an end to the relentless abuses they suffered. This oath intertwines with the immortal legend of the Oath of the Three Swiss. Arnold of Melchtal, son of Unterwalden, driven by a quest for justice for his father’s confiscated cattle, joined on the verdant meadow of Rütli, where the sky brushes the surface of Lake Lucerne, with Walter Stauffacher of Schwyz, and Walter Fürst of Uri, allied by blood to the legendary William Tell. This pact, consolidated and embellished by successive agreements in Brunnen (1315), Sempach (1393), and Stans (1481), wove an unbreakable alliance against the assaults of the House of Habsburg. It unfolded like a majestic oak, embracing other communities, until it erected the Switzerland of 8, 13, and finally 19 cantons. Switzerland today has 24 cantons, with the youngest being Jura, joining the confederation in 1979. Engraved in Latin letters, the original of this pact remains an eloquent testament to those bygone times. In 1891, to celebrate the seventh centenary of this founding act, the Swiss nation united for the first time in celebration, laying the foundations for Swiss National Day, now celebrated every August 1st. In the years following this pivotal pact of 1291, the Waldstätten, choosing their side alongside Louis of Bavaria against the Habsburg claims, faced the fury of Leopold I, Duke of Austria. On November 15, 1315, in the cold embrace of the Morgarten pass, they set an ambush of unparalleled audacity, where the enemy cavalry was annihilated under an unrelenting rain of rocks and tree trunks (1,500 souls felled). Shortly after, the three Cantons, in a renewed spirit of brotherhood, sealed their alliance again in Brunnen. The text of this pact, a faithful echo of the first, strengthened their sacred union. Towards the end of the century, the victory of Sempach over Leopold III forcefully cemented the Eternal Alliance.
Between the shadows of reality and the lights of myth, the history of this pact dances on a tightrope. Scholars, for ages, had pierced the veil of its ordinary essence. Discovered by chance in 1724, after an initial mention around 1530, this document did not shine with uniqueness, as at that time, the art of making pacts was a common refrain in many lands. Its essence was more about securing the commercial routes of the Gotthard than a cry for freedom or resistance. And the tales of William Tell, though woven into the hearts of the Swiss, were but threads of mist, just as the oath of Grütli, whose very existence remains shrouded in mystery. Nonetheless, the original of this pact, if it ever existed, may have been consumed by flames, as was customary in those wooden hamlets. The national celebration, and its anchoring to August 1st, dates only from 1891, not 1291. However, the indomitable spirit of these mountaineers, united against adversity, remains a beacon of victory.